Francis M. Deng, le Représentant du Secrétaire général des Nations unies pour les personnes déplacées à l'intérieur de leur propre pays (1992-2004), a élaboré ces lignes directrices en 1998. Il s'agit d'un ensemble de 30 recommandations qui définissent qui sont les déplacés internes, décrivent le vaste ensemble de lois internationales existantes qui protègent les droits fondamentaux des personnes, et décrivent la responsabilité des États. Bien qu'elles ne soient pas juridiquement contraignantes, elles constituent une norme minimale complète pour le traitement des personnes déplacées et sont appliquées par un nombre croissant d'États et d'institutions. Elles peuvent également contribuer à l'autonomisation des personnes déplacées en leur fournissant des informations sur leurs droits en tant que citoyens de leur propre pays. Le principe 23 concerne le droit à l'éducation.
In line with its mandate, the 2020 GEM Report assesses progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) on education and its ten targets, as well as other related education targets in the SDG agenda. The Report also addresses inclusion in education, drawing attention to all those excluded from education, because of background or ability. The Report is motivated by the explicit reference to inclusion in the 2015 Incheon Declaration, and the call to ensure an inclusive and equitable quality education in the formulation of SDG 4, the global goal for education. It reminds us that, no matter what argument may be built to the contrary, we have a moral imperative to ensure every child has a right to an appropriate education of high quality.
The Report also explores the challenges holding us back from achieving this vision and demonstrates concrete policy examples from countries managing to tackle them with success. These include differing understandings of the word inclusion, lack of teacher support, absence of data on those excluded from education, inappropriate infrastructure, persistence of parallel systems and special schools, lack of political will and community support, untargeted finance, uncoordinated governance, multiple but inconsistent laws, and policies that are not being followed through.
This paper outlines the rationale for focusing new attention on the educational needs of young children living in fragile conditions is strong: there is a broad body of scientific evidence; the international legal framework of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child asserts that all children have the right to health, education, legal registration, and protection from violence and separation from parents, beginning at birth; and the Sustainable Development Goals for all will be not reached without a focus on the earliest years of life in crisis and conflict situations. It presents the case for increased attention and investment in early childhood in conflict and crisis contexts, with focused attention on early learning and family support.